Past participle, "nut-participle"

Participles are verb forms that behave like adjectives. There's the present participle, "va-participle" and the past participle, "nut-participle".

Nut-participle is formed by adding the ending, -nut, after the stem. Often times it can be translated to English by the -ed verb form.

juopunut mies

a drunken man

Formation

Verb types 1 and 2

You get the stem by removing the infinitive ending (either -a or -da) and then you add the ending -nut. Remember the vowel harmony!

Verb type 3

Again, remove the the infinitive ending (either -la, -na or -ra). With the verbs belonging to the type 3, the stem ends with consonant so the -n assimilates with the previous consonant:

Verb types 4, 5 and 6

Remove the infinitive ending (-ta) to get the stem. With the verb types 4, 5 and 6 you add an extra -n

When to use?

As a modifier

Näyttelijätär on 50-vuotiaana hyvin säilynyt nainen.

The actress is as a 50 years old a well-preserved lady.

In several past tense forms

Knowing the nut-participle is important because it helps you to understand the perfect and pluskvamperfect tenses and the negative imperfect.

Examples:

Olen käynyt Ranskassa.

I have been to France.

Declinating participles

Since participles are actually adjectives, they are declinated alike.

Plural

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